- A Perspective on Feedback Control
- Chapter Overview
- A Simple Feedback System
- A First Analysis of Feedback
- A Brief History
- An Overview of the Book
- Summary
- Problems
- A Perspective on Dynamic Models
- Chapter Overview
- Dynamics of Mechanical Systems
- Differential Equations in State-variable Form
- Models of Electric Circuits
- Models of Electromechanical Systems
- Heat and Fluid-flow Models
- Heat Flow
- Incompressible Fluid Control
- Linearization and Scaling
- Small-signal Linearization
- Linearization by Feedback
- Amplitude Scaling
- Time Scaling
- Summary
- Problems
- A Perspective on System Response
- Chapter Overview
- The Laplace Transform
- Response by Convolution
- Transfer Functions
- The L-Laplace Transform
- Properties of Laplace Transform
- Partial-fraction Expansion
- Laplace Transform Theorems
- Using Laplace Transforms to Solve Problems
- Laplace Transforms Using CACSD Software
- System Modeling Diagrams
- The Block Diagram
- Mason's Rule and the Signal-flow Graph
- Response versus Pole Locations
- Time-domain Specifications
- Effects of Zeros and Additional Poles
- Numerical Simulation
- Solution of Nonlinear Differential Equations
- Solution of Linear Differential Equations
- Obtaining Models from Experimental Data
- Models from Transient-response Data
- Models from Other Data
- Summary
- Problems
- A Perspective on Properties of Feedback
- Chapter Overview
- A Case Study of Speed Control
- Disturbance Rejection
- Sensitivity: Effects of Gain Changes
- Dynamic Tracking
- The Classical Three-term Controller
- Proportional Feedback Control
- Proportional-Integral (PI) Feedback Control
- Derivative Feedback Control
- Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control
- Time-response Sensitivity to Parameters
- Zeigler-Nichols Tuning of PID Regulators
- Integrator Antiwindup
- Steady-state Tracking and System Type
- A Special Case of System Type: Unity Feedback
- System Type with Respect to Disturbance Inputs
- Truxal's Formula
- Stability
- Bounded Input-Bounded Output Stability
- Stability of Constant Systems
- Rough's Stability Criterion
- Summary
- Problems
- A Perspective on the Root-locus Design Method
- Chapter Overview
- Root Locus of a Basic Feedback System
- Guidelines for Sketching a Root Locus
- Sleeted Illustrative Root Loci
- Other Root-locus Usage
- Loci versus Other Parameters
- Zero-degree Loci for Negative Parameters
- Selecting Gain from the Root Locus
- Dynamic Compensation
- Lead Compensation
- Lag Compensation
- Extensions of the Root-locus Method
- Time Delay
- Nonlinear Systems
- Computer-aided Determination of the Root Locus
- Summary
- Problems
- A Perspective on the Frequency-response Design Method
- Chapter Overview
- Frequency Response
- Bode Plot Techniques
- Steady-state Errors
- Stability
- The Nyquist Stability Criterion
- Stability Margins
- Bode's Gain-phase Relationship
- Closed-loop Frequency Response
- Compensation
- PD Compensation
- Lead Compensation
- PI Compensation
- Lag Compensation
- PID Compensation
- Alternate Presentations of Data
- Nichols Chart
- Inverse Nyquist
- Sensitivity
- Sensitivity Functions
- Stability Robustness
- Time Delay
- Obtaining a Pole-zero Model from Frequency-response Data
- Summary
- Problems
- A perspective on State-space Design
- Chapter Overview
- Advantages of State Space
- Analysis of State Equations
- Block Diagrams and Canonical Forms
- Dynamic Response from the State Equations
- Control-law Design for Full State Feedback
- Finding the Control Law
- Introducing the Reference Input with Full State Feedback
- Selection of Pole Locations for Good Design
- Dominant Second-order Poles
- Prototype Design
- Symmetric Root Locus
- Comments on the Methods
- Estimator Design
- Full-order Estimators
- Reduced-order Estimators
- Estimator Pole Selection
- Compensator Design: Combined Control Law and Estimator
- Introduction of the Reference Input
- A General Structure for the Reference Input
- Calculation of the System Zeros
- Selecting a Gain
- Integral Control and Robust Tracking
- Integral Control
- Robust Tracking Control: the Error-space Approach
- Disturbance Rejection by Disturbance Estimation
- Direct Design with Rational Transfer Functions
- Design for Systems with Pure Time Delay
- Lyapunov Stability
- Summary
- Problems
- A Perspective on Digital Control
- Chapter Overview
- Digitization
- Euler's Method
- Digitization Using CACSD Software
- Dynamic Analysis of Discrete Systems
- z-Transform
- z-Transform Inversion
- Relationship between s and z
- Final Value Theorem
- Design by Emulation
- Digitization Procedures
- Design Example
- Applicability Limits of the Emulation Design Method
- Discrete Design
- Analysis Tools
- Feedback Properties
- Discrete Design Example
- Discrete Analysis of Designs
- State-space Design Methods
- Hardware Characteristics
- Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converters
- Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Converters
- Analog Prefilters
- The Computer
- Word-size Effects
- Random Effects
- Systematic Effects
- Sample-rate Selection
- Tracking Effectiveness
- Disturbance Rejection
- Control Systems Design Methodology
- Summary
- Problems
- A Perspective on Design Principles
- Chapter Overview
- An Outline of Control Systems Design
- Design of a Satellite's Attitude Control
- Lateral and Longitudinal Control of a Boeing 747
- Yaw Damper
- Altitude-hold Autopilot
- Control of the Fuel-air Ration in an Automotive Engine
- Control of a Digital Tape Transport
- Summary
- Problems
Appendix A: Laplace Transforms
Appendix B: A Review of Complex Variables
B.1: Definition of a Complex Number
B.2: Algebraic Manipulations
B.3: Graphical Evaluation of Magnitude and Phase
B.4: Differentiation and Integration
B.5: Euler's Relations
B.6: Analytic Functions
B.7: Couchy's Theorem
B.8: Singularities and Residues
B.9: Residue Theorem
B.10: The Argument Principle
Appendix C: Summary of Matrix Theory
C.1: Matrix Definitions
C.2: Elementary Operations on Matrices
C.3: Trace
C.4: Transpose
C.5: Determinant and Matrix Inverse
C.6: Properties of the Determinant
C.7: Inverse of Block Triangular Matrices
C.8: Special Matrices
C.9: Rank
C.10: Characteristic Polynomial
C.11: Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
C.12: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
C.13: Similarity Transformations
C.14: Matrix Exponential
C.15: Fundamental Subspaces
C.16: Singular-value Decomposition
C.17: Positive Definite Matrices
Appendix D: Controllability and Observability
Appendix E: Ackermann's Formula for Pole Placement
Appendix F: CACSD Cross-references
References
Index